Nail Fungus : Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

What is nail fungus?

Nail fungus is a fungal infection that occurs on the fingernails or toenails, also known as tinea unguium or onychomycosis. This condition is generally not dangerous but can be bothersome, particularly due to its effect on nail appearance and discomfort. Nail fungus is more common among the elderly, but anyone can be affected.

In its early stages, nail fungus may only cause a white or yellow spot at the tip of the nail. However, if untreated, the infection can spread deeper into the nail, leading to discoloration, thickening, and brittleness.

Causes of Nail Fungus

Nail fungus is caused by a fungal infection, typically from dermatophytes, which live in nail tissue. In addition to dermatophytes, fungi such as Candida and other non-dermatophytes can also cause nail infections, although this is less common.
Several factors increase the risk of nail fungus, including:

1. Aging
   The risk of nail fungus increases with age. Elderly nails tend to be more brittle and dry, making them prone to cracks and more susceptible to fungal infection.

2. Weakened Immune System
   Conditions such as HIV/AIDS or diabetes can increase susceptibility to fungal infections. Those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy are at higher risk of nail fungus due to their reduced ability to fight infections. Diabetic patients are especially prone to nail fungus, as high blood sugar levels create an environment conducive to fungal growth.

3. Poor Blood Circulation
   Circulatory problems, such as peripheral artery disease, can limit blood supply to the feet, increasing the risk of fungal nail infections.

4. Certain Skin Conditions
   People with psoriasis are more prone to injuries around the nail, which can make it easier for fungi to enter and infect.

5. Excessive Sweating
   Heavy sweating, especially in the feet, creates a moist environment ideal for fungal growth.

6. Walking Barefoot in Public Places
   Walking barefoot in public areas such as swimming pools or public showers increases the risk of fungal exposure.

7. Non-Sterile Nail Care Tools
   Using non-sterile pedicure tools can spread fungi from one person to another.

Symptoms of Nail Fungus

Fungal nail infections can affect both fingernails and toenails, but are more common on toenails. Symptoms of nail fungus include:

• Nail Discoloration: Nails may turn white, yellow, brown, or black.

• Thickening of the Nail: Infected nails often thicken.

• Brittle and Rough Texture: Nails become more fragile and easily split or break.

• Separation from the Nail Bed: Severe fungal infections can cause nails to detach from the nail bed.

• Unpleasant Odor: Fungal growth can produce a foul smell.

• White or Yellow Spots: Initial infection often appears as small white or yellow spots on the tip of the nail.

Treating Nail Fungus

Medical Treatments

• Oral Antifungal Medication: Drugs like griseofulvin, terbinafine, and itraconazole can treat the infection more quickly than topical treatments. Antifungal medication is typically taken for 6–12 weeks, but it may take over 4 months for the nail to return to normal.

• Topical Antifungal Creams or Ointments: Doctors may prescribe creams or ointments applied directly to the nail. Before applying these, nails should be thinned using a special lotion or file and soaked to soften.

• Laser Therapy: Laser treatment can be used as an alternative to destroy the fungus within the nail.

Natural Remedies

• Tea Tree Oil: This oil has natural antifungal properties that can help combat nail fungus.

• Apple Cider Vinegar: Soaking hands or feet in a solution of apple cider vinegar and water may inhibit fungal growth.

• Garlic: Allicin in garlic has natural antifungal properties.

Preventing Nail Fungus

Prevention is the best way to keep nails healthy. Some prevention tips include:

1. Keep Nails Dry and Clean
   Wash hands and feet regularly and dry them thoroughly, especially between the toes.

2. Wear Moisture-Wicking Socks
   Choose socks made from cotton or wool to absorb moisture and keep feet dry.

3. Avoid Walking Barefoot in Public Areas
   Always wear shoes in public places like swimming pools, changing rooms, or public showers.

4. Trim Nails Regularly and Properly
   Trim nails straight across and avoid leaving jagged edges to reduce infection risk.

5. Use Clean and Sterile Pedicure Tools
   Ensure you use sterile or personal pedicure tools when caring for your nails.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures for nail fungus, you can protect your nails from infection. Always practice good nail care and avoid risk factors to keep your nails healthy and free from fungal infections.

A picture of normal nails and nails with fungus